Oman

From anaarabi.org, the free encyclopedia


Flag	Coat of arms

Motto: none

Anthem: Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani

Capital

Muscat
23°61′ N 58°54′ E

Largest city

Muscat

Official language(s)

Arabic

Government

Sultan

Absolute monarchy
Qaboos bin Said Al Said

Independence
Established
Colonized by the UK
Recognized From Portugal
1741
1891
1971

Area
- Total

- Water (%) 212,460 km² (84th)
82,010 mi²
negligible

Population
- July 2005 est.
- Density 3,001,583¹ (132nd)
14/km² (167th)
37/mi²

GDP (PPP)
- Total
- Per capita 2005 estimate
$40.14 Billion (84th)
$13,400 (69th)

HDI (2003) 0.781 (71st) – medium

Currency Rial (OMR)

Time zone
- Summer (DST) (UTC+4)
(UTC+5)

Internet TLD

.om

Calling code +968

¹Population estimate includes 577,293 non-nationals

The Sultanate of Oman (Standard Arabic as-Sultanatu ˤUmān) is a country in the southwestern part of Asia, on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates in the northwest, Saudi Arabia in the west, and Yemen in the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea in the south and east, and the Gulf of Oman in the northeast.

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History

Main article: History of Oman

The region of Oman was once known by its Sumerian name Magan. Oman constituted one of the Satrapies of the Persian Empire. It was incorporated into that empire around 563 BC. This earlier empire was succeeded by the Sassanian Empire in the 3rd century BCE.

By the beginning of the first century of the Common Era, Arab tribes began to settle in Oman. In 632, the Sassanids lost power and Arab dominance in Oman was established.

In 751, Ibādī Muslims established an imāmate in Oman. Imāms exercised spiritual leadership over the country. The Ibādiyya are a branch of the Kharijites, the earliest Muslim sect which rejected both potential successors to Muħammad's leadership. This imāmate survived until the mid-20th Century.

Oman has been a centre for traders for centuries. In 1508, the main port, Muscat, was captured by the Portuguese, who held it until it was taken by the Ottomans in 1659. The Ottomans were driven out in 1741, when the present line of sultans was formed by Aħmad ibn Saˤīd.

In the early 19th century, Oman grew to a major power, having possessions in Baluchistan and Zanzibar, but these were gradually all lost. In 1891, Oman became a British protectorate, which lasted until 1971.

The year prior, Sultān Saˤīd ibn Taymūr was ousted by his son, Sultān Qabūs ibn Saˤīd as-Saˤīd (r. 1970-). Sultān Qabūs has since greatly improved the economic situation of the country, remaining in peace with all other countries in the Middle East. In 1996, the sultan issued a decree promulgating a new basic law that clarifies the royal succession, provides for a bicameral advisory council with some limited legislative powers and a prime minister and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens.

Military bases in Oman were used (2001) by US forces involved in ground raids against Afghanistan and Osama bin Laden. In 2003, the lower house of the advisory council was freely elected for the first time.

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Politics

Main article: Politics of Oman

Chief of state and government is the hereditary sultān, (Qabūs ibn Saˤīd as-Saˤīd, who appoints a cabinet to assist him. In the early 1990s, the sultān instituted an elected advisory council, the Majlis ash-Shura, though few Omanis were eligible to vote.

Universal suffrage for those over 21 was instituted on 4 October 2003. Over 190,000 people (74% of those registered) voted to elect the 83 seats. Two women were elected to seats.

The sultān functions basically as an absolute ruler.

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Subdivisions

Main article: Subdivisions of Oman

Oman is divided into three Governorates and five regions (mintaqat). These regions are subdivided into smaller districts ('wilayat).

Governorates

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Geography

Wadi Shab

Main article: Geography of Oman

A vast desert plain covers most of central Oman, with mountain ranges along the north (Jebel Akhdar) and southeast coast, where the country's main cities are also located: capital city Muscat, Matrah and Sur in the north, and Salalah in the south. Oman's climate is hot and dry in the interior and humid along the coast.

Oman is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity". Not all of Oman's borders with the United Arab Emirates are well-defined.

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Exclaves and enclaves

An exclave is a territory that belongs to a political entity but is not connected to it by land (islands are not counted) and is surrounded by other political entities.

The peninsula of Musandam (Musandem), which has a strategic location on the Strait of Hormuz, is separated from the rest of Oman by the United Arab Emirates and is thus an exclave, although not an enclave.

Oman has one other exclave, this time inside UAE territory, known as Wadi-e-Madhah. It is located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the rest of Oman [1]. The exclave is on the Dubai-Hatta road in the Emirate of Sharjah. Belonging to Wilayat Musandam, it covers approximately 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi). The boundary was settled in 1969. The north-east corner of Madha is closest to the Khorfakkan-Fujairah road, barely 10 metres (30 ft) away. Within the exclave is an UAE enclave called Nahwa, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. It is about 8 kilometres (5 mi) on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha. It consists of about 40 houses with its own clinic and telephone exchange [2].

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Economy

Main article: Economy of Oman

The economy of Oman is dominated by its dependence on crude oil. A joint venture called IPC drilled a number of dry holes from 1956 onwards though the logistics of doing this were extremely difficult due to lack of any transportation infrastructure.

A lack of success, combined with worsening logistical problems and a glut of oil on the world market, led most of the partners to withdraw from the venture in 1960. Only Royal Dutch/Shell and Partex opted to remain in Oman to continue the search for oil. They struck oil at Fahud in 1962 at a site just some few hundreds of metres from the last dry hole.

In June 1967, the Compagnie Française des Pétroles rejoined the partnership by taking over 10% of Partex's equity share, resulting in the following shareholding: Shell 85%, Compagnie Française des Pétroles 10% and Partex 5%. The company changed its name to Petroleum Development (Oman). Shortly followed by the first export of Omani oil on 27 July 1967.

On 1 January 1974 the Government of Oman acquired a 25% shareholding in the Petroleum Development (Oman); half a year later they increased it to 60%, backdated to the beginning of the year. As a result foreign shareholding in PD(O) was now made up of Royal Dutch/Shell (34%), Compagnie Française des Pétroles (now Total) (4%) and Partex (2%).

In a Royal Decree of 15 May 1980, the company was registered as a limited liability company (LLC) under the name Petroleum Development Oman (without parentheses).

Today Oman produces around 700,000 barrels (110,000 m³) of oil per day and there have been significant discoveries of natural gas and development of a liquefied natural gas terminal. Oil represents about 90% of Oman's exports.

The income generated was quickly deployed into building infrastructures of roads, schools, hospitals, water and electricity generating plants. All of this activity has made Oman a major success story for economic growth despite being the only oil-producing nation in the middle east that is not a member of OPEC.

Oman's economic performance improved significantly in 2000 due largely to the upturn in oil prices. The government is moving ahead with privatization of its utilities, the development of a body of commercial law to facilitate foreign investment, and increased budgetary outlays. Oman continues to liberalise its markets and joined the World Trade Organization in November 2000. GDP growth improved in 2001 despite the global economic slowdown.

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Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Oman

Oman is the world's easternmost Arabian country. The majority of Omanis are Arabs, although there is a sizable Baloch minority. As in most other Arab countries, a large number of foreign laborers live here, mostly from India and Pakistan. The official language is Arabic, but the minorities speak their own languages. A non-Arabic Semitic language is spoken in Dhofar.

Islam is the predominant religion, mostly Ibādiyya, with a Sunni population in Dhofar. Exact numbers are not certain.

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Culture

Main article: Culture of Oman

Although Oman is a modern country, Western influences are quite restricted; the Ibādī form of Islam is fairly strict in comparison with Sunni Islam and Shi'a Islam.

Oman is famous for its khanjar knives.

Although Arabic is Oman's official language, there are still native speakers of dialects or offshoots of Southern Arabian, a Semitic language only distantly related to Arabic. However, even in Oman the dominant indigenous language is a dialect of Arabic.

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Miscellaneous topics

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External links

Find more information on Oman by searching Wikipedia's sister projects:

Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

Government

Omani Ministry of Information

General information

al-Bab - Oman
BBC News Country Profile - Oman
CIA World Factbook - Oman
Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Oman
Lonely Planet - Oman
Nizwa.NET
Open Directory Project - Oman directory category
US State Department - Oman includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
Yahoo! - Oman directory category

Other

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية
Bahrain \| Kuwait \| Oman \| Qatar \| Saudi Arabia \| United Arab Emirates