The Country & People of
Lebanon
Lebanon, officially Republic of Lebanon, republic (1995 est.
pop. 3,695,000), 4,015 sq mi (10,400 sq km), SW Asia, bounded by the
Mediterranean Sea (W), Syria (N, E), and Israel (S). The capital is Beirut. Much
of the terrain is mountainous, with two main ranges—the Lebanon in the west and
the Anti-Lebanon in the east—paralleling the coast; the fertile Al Biqa valley
lies between them. Until the disruption caused by the civil strife of 1975–90,
Lebanon had a service-oriented economy, and Beirut, a free port, was the
financial and commercial center of the Middle East. Through the 1980s the
commercial and industrial life of Lebanon was in severe disarray, but by the
early 1990s the economy had begun to revive. Banking, food processing, and the
manufacture of textiles and chemicals are now economically important. Principal
crops are citrus fruits, vegetables, olives, and tobacco. Remittances from
Lebanese working abroad are an important source of foreign exchange. Most
Lebanese are Arabs; there is a small Armenian minority. Arabic is the official
language, but French and English are also widely spoken. The population is about
70% Muslim (mainly Sunni and Shiite, but there are other groups as well) and 30%
Christian (mainly Maronite).
History The site of the ancient maritime city-state of Phoenicia,
the area later fell to successive Middle Eastern powers. Christianity was
introduced under the Roman Empire and persisted even after the coming of Islam
with the Arab conquest (7th cent.). In the late 11th cent. Lebanese Christians
aided the Crusaders in the region. The area came under the Ottoman Turks in the
16th cent., and after the Turkish defeat in World War I it became part of a
French mandate known as Greater Lebanon.
Since independence in 1945, Lebanon has been plagued by civil strife and
problems with its neighbors. A member of the Arab League, it took little part in
the Arab-Israeli Wars that followed Israel's independence in 1948, but the stage
was set for future problems when many Palestinians fled Israel and settled in S
Lebanon. Meanwhile, Lebanon's internal equilibrium was shaken (1958) by a
rebellion against pro-Western policies, and U.S. forces were called in briefly.
In 1975 civil war erupted between leftist Muslims, aided by the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO), and conservative Christians. In 1976 Syrian
troops intervened, and a cease-fire was declared, but Israel and the PLO engaged
in a sporadic border war in S Lebanon. In 1978, following a limited Israeli
invasion, a UN peacekeeping force was placed in S Lebanon. Fighting continued,
however, and in 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon, forcing out many members of the PLO
and causing widespread devastation. A massacre of Palestinians by Lebanese
Christians during the Israeli occupation of Beirut led to worldwide criticism of
Israel and the establishment of a multinational peacekeeping force in Beirut.
In Oct. 1983 terrorist bombings killed over 230 U.S. Marines and French
troops in their respective compounds, and both nations subsequently withdrew
their remaining forces. The Lebanese parliament in 1988 proved unable to elect a
successor to the Christian president, Amin Gemayel. Gemayel, on the expiration
of his term, appointed a Christian general, Michel Aoun, as interim president,
but Muslims challenged his legitimacy. In 1989 Arab governments brokered a peace
agreement that produced a new constitution that increased the political power of
the Muslim majority.
Elias Hrawi, a Christian, was elected president, but Aoun refused to step
down and fighting broke out. In 1990, at Hrawi's request, Syrian troops attacked
Aoun's position; Aoun fled to France, ending the civil war. Hrawi signed (1991)
a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Syria that essentially guaranteed
Syrian domination of Lebanon's foreign relations. In 1993, 1994, 1996, and 1999
fighting again erupted between Shiite Hezbollah (Party of God) guerrillas and
Israel in S Lebanon. Hrawi's presidential term was extended for three years in
1995, as the country continued to recover from years of heavy fighting which had
crippled its infrastructure and economy. Gen. Emile Lahoud was elected president
in 1998. In May 2000, Israel withdrew its troops from S Lebanon.
The 2000 parliamentary elections brought the opposition back into power, and
Rafiq Hariri became prime minister; he had previously held the office from 1992
to 1998. President Lahoud’s term was extended for three years by constitutional
amendment in 2004 at the behest of Syria, which still maintains some 18,000
troops in Lebanon. The blatant meddling in Lebanese affairs caused a
governmental crisis in Lebanon, eventually resulting in the resignation of
Hariri’s government and the appointment of Omar Karami as prime minister. Karami
had served as prime minister from 1990 to 1992. The UN Security Council
denounced foreign interference in Lebanese politics and demanded that all
foreign forces leave Lebanon.
******** Copyright (c) 2003 Columbia
University Press. Used by permission of Columbia University Press.
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Info Please
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Lebanon in a Panoramic
View A virtual visit
MidEast.Com Beirut,
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US Department of State
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US Library of
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World66
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Cities, Towns, Municipalities & Places
Ain-Ebel Known as Arousset el
Jnoub, the Bride of the South
Ainab Municipality
Classified as a tourist village
Aley +
Aley city, photos,
guide, gateway, services....
Alma-El-Chaab + A southern town in
Tyre county on a lovely hill surrounded by valleys and enclaves
Amioun Administrative center of the
el Koura District. History, archeology, gallery....
Anjar In the middle
of the Bekaa valley
Anjar
Omayaad ruins in Lebanon
Ankoun + Information about
its geography, social and cultural life
Baalbek
Historians listed them among the 'wonders of the world'
Batroun One of the oldest cities
of the world and it's the capital of the Caza....
Bintjbeil + More than 50% of
Bint Jbeil's people have migrated....
Brummana Lebanon's luxury
heaven in the mountain
Dhour Shweir Local news, photos,
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Joun Spread over seven hills at
400-500 meters above sea level overlooking Saida
Jounieh Municipality, events, tourism,
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Kalamoun Municipality, phone
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Kalamoun
The town, history
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Lwaiza A village in South Lebanon
Miziara Bringing Miziarians
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Mlikh History, photo gallery,
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North Lebanon Villages &
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Saida (Sidon) History,
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Tripoli News, history,
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World
Monuments Endangered sites: Enfeh, near Tripoli
World
Monuments Endangered sites: Ancient Tyre
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Money Paper currency since 1944
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Business and Economy General, Economy, Reports &
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Australian Department of
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Beirut Stock Exchange Markets,
listed companies, authorized dealers, bulletins, news....
Bilateral
Relations with Japan Diplomatic, investment, economic cooperation,
residents....
Chamber of Commerce and Industry of
Beirut To promote all sectors and activities of the private economy in
Lebanon
Lebanon and
the IMF Position in the fund, reports....
MBendi Business
information, news, industries, events
Muslim
Trade Network Trade reference directory and guide....
Organization
of Islamic Countries - SESRTCIC + The most
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Ports Focus Ports, harbours,
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US
Department of State Country commercial guide 2001 (pdf)
World
Bank Lebanon at a glance (pdf)
Banks
Al-Baraka Bank Promote the
concept and use of Islamic Banking practice
Allied Business Bank A medium sized
bank according to Lebanese standards
Banque Audi All facets of
commercial banking, private banking, investment banking and retail banking
Banque du Liban Safeguarding of the
currency in order to ensure a basis for sustained social and economic growth
Banque Saradar +
Products & services, financial markets, Netbank
Beirut Riyad Bank Commercial
banking operations and financial services
Byblos Bank Provider of
financial services to small and medium size enterprises
Directories, Job Opportunities
Career Lebanon Online recruiters
First Lebanon +
Detailed, accurate and updated information about Lebanese companies.
Information about Lebanon
JC Conseil Recruitment &
Executive Search....
Made in Lebanon Commercial
guide, fairs/exhibitions, industrial directory. Cedar's Land: History,
culture, cuisine....
Investment & Promotion....
Association of Lebanese
Industrialists Concerted and balanced effort at promoting and developing
industry in Lebanon
Investment Development Authority
To attract private capital investment in support of national development and
reconstruction
Italian Institute for
Foreign Trade + Beirut
activities, news from Italy....
Window Arab World Internet
advertising in Lebanon
Extensive database of more than
12,500 projects and tenders. Updated on a daily basis with the latest
business information in 14 countries in the Middle East
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Art, Culture & Sport General Resources, Heritage....
Al-Mashriq - The Levant
Cultural riches & gateway
Beiteddine Festival Welcomes
the most talented and renowned international artists
Tyre Festival Encourage
talents in various cultural domains
Art, Literature, Photography, Cinema....
Ameen Rihani Founder of the
Arab American literature. Biography and works....
George Khairallah Deco
painter, paintings, graphics, gallery....
Gibran Khalil Gibran Works, art,
museum. Bsharri, biography....
Haitham Kalakesh
Digital Gallery
Joseph Matar + Lebanon Art - Home
of the artist painter
Mariam Hallab
Painter
Marina Kharma Painter.
Biography, gallery, info.... Closer Observation of Nature
Michael
Khoury "To find all that is truth in beauty whether physically or
emotionally beautiful is why I paint"
Tarek Atrissi Graphic designer
Galerie Manon Works of
various painters & sculptors
M. Farroukh Museum Portraits,
still life, landscapes....
One Fine Art +
Painters,
sculptors, photographers, conceptual art, poets - Biographies and works
Internet Movie
Database Movie & TV reports
Music, Song & Dance....
Amin Sultan One of the most
talented Middle Eastern singers in the United States
Farid El-Atrash The king
of the lute - An actor, a singer, a composer....
Fairouz Information on Fairouz and
the Rahbani brothers
Fairouz + Life, history,
achievements, plays, movies, concerts
Nicola Osta Singer. Archives,
photos, posters, MP3....
Setrak Setrakian Composer &
Pianist
Ziad Rahbani Theatre, music
& songs
Cultural, Scientific, Environmental, Health, Sporting Entities &
Info
Italian Institute of Culture
+
To strengthen the
cultural ties between Lebanon and Italy
Lebanese Club of New Jersey To serve
the Lebanese Community in and outside NJ through cultural, educational and
social activities
Northen Ohio Lebanese American
Association To serve the Lebanese-American community in Ohio through
cultural, educational, humanitarion, and social activities
Animal Info
Threatened species, environmental and social data
AquaStat
Information on quantity and quality of freshwater and its availability
BirdLife
To determine the priorities for bird conservation in the region
Green Plan Execute land
rehabilitation and development projects
LebaneseDoctors A resource
for medical related topics and services....
Al-Ansar Sporting Club Consists
of motivated young players with high ambitions
Dive Lebanon The complete
guide to Scuba Diving in Lebanon
Nejmeh Sporting Club One of the
glorious Football [Soccer] teams in Lebanon
About
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Education Schools, Colleges, Academies, Universities &
Polytechnics
American Community School An
American-style education for Lebanese and international families
Antonine Sisters School To provide
quality education, to raise dynamic Christians and to develop responsible
citizens
Beirut International School
Offering both the Lebanese baccalaureate system and the American system
Brummana High School An
international day and boarding school of all-round excellence in academics,
the arts and sports
Doha School An intellectual,
cultural, and social force for those who seek education
Centre International des Sciences
Techniques + A private
technical institute
Collège des Apôtres
La
visée educative embrasse la formation spirituelle culturelle, scientifique
et sportive de l'élève
Cortbawi's Institution
+
Aims at constituting a place where thinking and action meet for the revival
of the community spirit
Francel College A
private technical establishment for superior studies
American University of Beirut
Emphasizes scholarship that enables students to think for themselves
Beirut University The first
distance learning academic institution in the Middle East
Beirut Arab University +
Providing opportunities for higher learning to Arab students
Haigazian University Offers
quality education at a fair and affordable cost
Lebanese American University It is
at the crossroads of many interacting educational systems
Notre Dame University Will meet the
immediate and subsequent spiritual, scientific and cultural requirements of
our youth
La Sagesse University The first
higher institute of Law
Université Antonine
Université Libanaise
Elle
est la seule université publique des 24 établissements de l'enseignement
supérieur au Liban
Université Saint-Joseph
University of Balamand
Committed to raising future generations in the immutable Eastern values....
Institutions & Organizations
Hariri Foundation Its
mission is to make education a means for the development of the young in
Lebanon
International Education Council
+
University Distance Learning & Guiding Programs
Old Scholars Association
Brummana High School - Events, history....
Rawdat Al-Fayhaa Alumni
Association To provide a way of communication between the Alumni club
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Research, Resources & Projects
Cartage + Provides support
to the education community in Lebanon and the Middle East
National Council for Scientific
Research Assigned with the initiation and support of scientific research
programs and activities
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Rafik Hariri +
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Human Rights Watch
+
Human rights
developments & report
National Committee for Lebanese
Detainees in Israeli Jails + To extend aid for
detainees and their families
US
Department of State Country reports on human rights practices
Campaign for Good Governance in
Lebanon To expose the corruption and other ills befalling the government
and society....
Lebanese Democratic Movement
Towards a new advanced society, and a more developed state
Lebanese Forces Party To
resist foreign occupation and the concerted effort to destroy all that the
country has stood for....
Lebanese Maronite
League +
To help the
community exercise its influence and underscore it's contributions
Lebanese Popular Conference
Kamal Chatila....
National Liberal Party To serve
Lebanon by propagating the liberal and democratic principles of Camille
Chamoun
Progressive Socialist Party Aims at
building the society on democratic bases
US Committee for a Free
Lebanon A human rights watch group and a humanitarian activist
organization....
World Lebanese Organization Self
determination of Lebanon's Christians, human rights and democracy for people
in the ME
Related Sites, Articles....
Al-Bushra - Arab
American Roman Catholic Community What do you know about Lebanon? Plenty
of interesting articles....
Constitution
Background, history & news
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Results, parties, parliament, electoral institutes, electoral calendar,
political database....
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Visit Arab Media for
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Media Newspapers, Magazines....
Al-Afkar + Weekly magazine
Al-Ahed
Weekly newspaper
Al-Aman
Daily newspaper
Al-Anwar
Daily newspaper
Al Mustaqbal
Daily newspaper
Al-Nabaa
Weekly magazine
Al-Nahar
Daily newspaper
Al-Safeer
Daily newspaper
Al-Tamaddon
Weekly political
newspaper - Tripoli, Lebanon
Al-Watan Al-Arabi
Weekly
magazine
Femme Magazine
Le
premier mensuel feminin libanais
L'Orient Le Jour
La
Journal
La Revue du Liban
Hebdomadaire
d'informations en ligne du Liban
Magazine
L'hebdo qui fait
le poids
OnLine News, Newsletters, News Agencies....
Beirut News Totally
Dedicated to Lebanon and the internet community
Daily Star Online news....
Lebanon-Online Internet magazine.
Up to the minute political, business, sports, entertainment, and cultural
news....
Lebanon Press Online news
Lebanon Wire Live news....
Monday Morning Weekly political
news magazine
National News Agency +
News
& archives....
Teckies Online magazine -
Computers & internet
Washington
Post News & references
Yahoo full news
coverage
Radio, TV, Internet....
Al-Manar TV Different ,
compared to the general visual media in Lebanon
Beirut Nights Radio Best radio in
Eurodance, trendy Arabic music, French 80s and other Mediterranean music
LBC International The Lebanese
Broadcasting Corporation
Future TV Network
Programs, news, debates
Murr TV - MTV Local, regional and
international news, games, sport, live TV
Nostalgie Live radio....
Radio Free Lebanon Live radio....
Radio One Live online
Radio Orient
Live radio, schedule....
Radio Voix de la Charité
Service de l'homme et de la société
Radio Voix du Liban + AM873,
FM93.3
Lebanon Undernet To provide
IRC users with a good place to meet, exchange ideas, and generally have fun
Articles, Reports, Cartoons....
One World
+ Articles and news
from different sources
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Government & Organizations.... Government, Ministries,
Overseas Missions, Embassies....
Central Administration for
Statistics +
Stock-listing the
statistics established by several administrations
Central Inspection Board + Monitor
the actions of the public administrative departments....
Chiefs of
State and Cabinet Members
Political
Leaders Dates and figures of the leadership since 1943 (with pictures)
Civil Service Board +
Administrative reform
Le Conseil
Constitutionnel
Court Audit + Empowered to
exercise judicial supervision over the expenditure of public funds
Council for Development and
Reconstruction +
Preparing general
plan for the country, , implementing projects....
Internal Security Forces +
Securing the citizens' welfare and the safety of their properties .
Lebanese Armed Forces The main
factor of national unity and stability, the shield of the state against
potential dangers
Lebanese Parliament +
Ministry of Agriculture
Providing the necessary information pertaining to the Lebanese agriculture
sector
Ministry of Displaced
Concerned with the affairs of the displaced and their return to their areas
and villages
Ministry of Economy and Trade
+
Information to facilitate trade transactions and support export promotion.
Ministry of Environment Controlling
all forms of pollution, deforestation, protection of fauna and flora, and
urbanization....
Ministry of Public Health
+
Ministry of Public Works
+
Responsible for most roads and government buildings, planning the cities and
villages....
Ministry of Tourism
Practical & detailed information about all aspects of the country
Embassy of Lebanon -
Ottowa, Canada Consular, general, tourism, business, news, links....
Embassy of
Lebanon - Rome, Italy
Embassy of Lebanon - Washington,
USA Info, consular affairs, tourism, culture, business, statistics,
news, links....
Honorary Consulate of Lebanon in
Monaco
Corporations, Organizations, Public Hospitals and Industrial
Entities
Sustainable Development Networking
Programme To integrate environmental concerns with sustainable
development
Al-Koura Hospital To
offer a service that complies to all international standards of quality in a
family surrounding
Chronic Care Centre
Treatment and follow-up of childhood chronic diseases
Dar Al-Ajaza Al-Islamia
Hospital A charitable human institution offering common medical aid
LebanonHealth A listing of
over 16,000 healthcare providers and health related products in Lebanon
Sahel General Hospital
Extending services to a population exceeding 700 thousand
Centres, Institutions, Societies....
Al-Mabarrat Charitable
Association + Striving for the
sponsoring of the orphan, his upbringing, his education....
Al-Siraj Al-Munir Islamic
Association Teaching Islam
through understanding the Quran and Sunnah....
Centre des Archives Nationales
Centre de Recherche et de
Développement Pédagogiques
Community of Maryam &
Martha Humanitarian association in Lebanon that caters for women's need
for shelter, rehabilitation, and social reintegration
Dar El-Fatwa +
The Druze Orphanage
+
Provides orphans and children of broken homes with lodging, food, clothing
and schooling
Friends of the Disabled
Association To provide care for persons with mental retardation and
other disabilities
Lebanese Centre for Policy
Studies + Research on issues
relevant to the political, social, and economic development
Lebanese Red Cross
Humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity,
universality
Popular Aid Committee +
Medical and social centres in Beirut and all over Lebanon
The Social Welfare Institutions -
Dar Al-Aytam + Concerned with the
conditions of orphans
Foreign Entities
Australian Embassy Consular
section, trade commission, visa and immigration services, info about
Australia....
British Embassy The
embassy offers consular, commercial and visa services to members of the
public....
French Embassy
German Embassy +
Commercial, consular, cultural, press departments....
Italian Embassy +
Consular office, economic, cooperation & commercial office, news,
events....
Japanese Embassy Bilateral
relations, trade with Japan, grassroots grant, profile of Japan, visa
requirements....
Netherlands Embassy
Commercial, consular, cultural, tourism, & education sections,
Netherlands, links....
US Embassy + Consular,
commercial and public affairs sections, journals, articles....
British
Counsil Library and information services, events, news, conferences,
learn English
Lebanese American Professional Society
Network - LAPSNET Dedicated to the Lebanese professional community
abroad
United Nations United Nations
Development Programme
US
Committee for Refugees Reports on conditions for refugees and internally
displaced persons
USAID Assistance
to Lebanon....
USAID
Assistance to Lebanon....
World Health
Organization Tobacco & health, socio-economic situation
About
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Travel & Tourism Airlines, Air, Sea & Coach Charters
Services
Middle East Airlines - MEA
Timetable, service info, cedar miles, special offers, fleet, news....
Trans Mediterranean Airways - TMA
Round the world all cargo service. Air services linking USA with Middle East
Airports
Airport names, cities and codes
Beirut International
Airport Linking Lebanon with the outside world
Travel, Tours, Guides.... More country
info
Bookinn Access to hotels, car
rentals, restaurants, night clubs and links to information that are of
interest....
Ma3loumat Information - Lebanon
Handbook
SkiLeb Skiing & snowboarding in
Lebanon. Country profile, history of skiing
Syaha Online +
Wining and dining, Hotels, Furnished apartments, Where to go, Travel
agencies, Car rentals, Shopping, What's on, Useful Information,,,,
Travel to Lebanon.Com
+
Travel guide. Tourism, arts & culture, nitelife, business traveller,
cuisine, Beaches & Waterparks, festivals, museums....
Travel to Lebanon.Net
Hotel Selection, Apartment Rentals, Sight Seeing Tours, City Map....
Lonely
Planet Travel information, maps, photos, background historical and
cultural information
Middle
East Travel Accommodation, history, after hours, travel info, addresses,
cities & sights, business....
Travel Guide
General & travel info, money, duty free, health, accommodation,
visas....
World Travel
Guide Accommodation, addresses, business, climate, essentials, resort,
social, travel
Hotels & Restaurants....
Acroplis Hotel + Jounieh
bay, includes a guide to Lebanon
Barouk Palace Hotel Shouf
region - A resort where guests can enjoy a variety of facilities without
having to leave the hotel
Beirut Hotel "Best hotel,
best service, best of Beirut"
Berkeley Hotel Beirut.
Boutique hotel that caters for every travelers needs
Chtaura Park Hotel
Invigorating climate, healthy clear air with pleasant surroundings....
Holiday Suites Hotel & Beach
Resort On the water front of the Mediterranean Sea Coast in the bay of
Jounieh
Marriott
Beirut Hotel Well located for access to the famous tourist sites
M?venpick
Hotel & Resort Beirut - Adjacent to the legendary Corniche Promenade
Paradise Residence
Hamra - Receptionist, security, room-maid and porters services are available
round the clock
Rest House A walking
distance from the major shopping centre and the famous ruins of Tyr
Rotana Hotels, Inns & Suites
Beirut
White Tower Hotel Ideally
located halfway between the city centre of Beirut and the famous area of
Kaslik
Inter-Continental, Holiday Inn, Crown Plaza Hotels &
Resorts - IC Hotels Group Lowest Internet Rate Guarantee. Book at the IC
Hotels Group site first-- if you find a lower rate on another site, they'll
beat it!
Beirut Hotels
Kfardebiane Hotels
All
Hotels Hotels, description & rates
Hotels Travel
Hotels directory & tourist information
Inn26
Hotels and motels directory, local info....
Lebanon Hotels Travel
Guide Offers hotels and resorts online reservations
New Steps Travel &
Tourism Hotel Reservation in Lebanon, restaurants, nightlife, touristic
sites....
Burj Al Hamam - Fawzi "The
Art of Lebanese Cuisine" - Restaurant
Health & Travel Tips
Foreign &
Commonwealth Office Travel information, country advise, latest travel
updates....
Travel Document
Systems Passports, visas, travel documents
US Consular
Information Visa, health, crime/drug penalties....
Weather....
Weather
Underground Temperature, humidity, pressure
Yahoo Weather
By city. Forcast, sunrise, sunset, humidity, wind, dewpoint....
About
Lebanon * Business * Culture * Education * History * Media * Organizations * Travel * Gateways * Arab Countries
Visit Arab Gateways
for Arab and other country links
Gateways to Lebanon
Go-Leb Lebanese Website Directory....
Lebanese White Pages A unique resource
that allows to reunite friends, create new relationships....
Lebanon.Com Online resources....
The Lebanon.Com +
Lebanon Country Guide, backed by an Art and Science oriented Web Site
Directory
Lebanon Links Lebanese web
& telephone Directory, travel guide, events, shopping....
LebHost Web sites organized by
topic. News....
LebSeek Web sites organized by
topic. News....
LebWeb A comprehensive Lebanese
Directory, with categorized links to Lebanese sites, updates, resources and
more....
LibanSite A comprehensive and
human-edited Lebanese Directory
UpGo Search engine, directory,
news,....
About
Lebanon * Business * Culture * Education * History * Media * Organizations * Travel * Gateways * Arab Countries
Sign
Guestbook or View
Guestbook
For personal pages, private companies & entities, un-categorized and
other sites, please visit Free For All, Add URL or View Lebanon
Links Page
Recommended reading:
Lebanon By
Siona Jenkins, Ann Jousiffe Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit
From
Beirut to Jerusalem By Thomas L. Friedman Well written and
captures the psychological mannerisms of the people of Lebanon and Israel
For more books, music, videos, DVDs, CDs and others visit:
Please link to this page. http://www.hejleh.com/countries/lebanon.html
For comments, reports of deadlinks and adding your URL
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Created 1 November 2000. Last updated 14 February 2006
Names, pictures and logos are the copyright of their respective
owners. (C)Copyright 2000-2006 Mazen Hejleh. All rights reserved.